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Table 2 Cytokine profile of patients with AOSD, those with sepsis, and the healthy controls

From: Interleukin-18 and fibroblast growth factor 2 in combination is a useful diagnostic biomarker to distinguish adult-onset Still’s disease from sepsis

Cytokine

HCs (n = 118)

AOSD (n = 70)

Sepsis (n = 18)

p value

AOSD vs. sepsis

Sepsis vs. HCs

AOSD vs. HCs

EOTAXIN (CCL11)

137.5 (95.1–186.4)

104.0 (66.0–134.0)

123.4 (70.5–172.5)

0.41

0.54

0.01

FGF-2

37.7 (21.2–58.1)

48.7 (41.1–74.4)

25.7 (11.1–34.1)

< 0.0001

0.0057

< 0.0001

G-CSF

8.2 (0.1–22.5)

100.9 (50.5–173.6)

124.1 (45.9–255.2)

0.69

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

GM-CSF

1.5 (0.1–6.7)

13.1 (5.7–26.8)

1.8 (0.1–3.2)

< 0.0001

0.41

< 0.0001

GRO (CXCL1)

978.1 (775.5–1237)

1488 (1034–2383)

697.2 (432.1–1449)

0.027

0.25

< 0.0001

IFN-γ

4.7 (1.5–11.3)

22.7 (7.5–60.2)

12.5 (3.0–21.1)

0.052

0.13

< 0.0001

IL-17

1.9 (0.3–6.2)

5.3 (0.9–18.5)

0.13 (0.1–7.4)

0.019

0.29

0.0002

IL-18

N/A

12,070 (6027–16,451)

104.7 (75.1–382.1)

< 0.0001

N/A

N/A

IL-6

0.1 (0–0.1)

31.7 (12.3–69.7)

28.1 (0.7–100.5)

0.55

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

IL-8

63.0 (28.3–108.3)

30.5 (15.6–50.9)

49.8 (35.7–56.7)

0.96

0.44

< 0.0001

IP-10 (CXCL10)

277.9 (221.0–351.8)

1406 (661.8–3806)

2082 (542.3–4212)

0.81

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

MCP-1 (CCL2)

655.9 (530.5–838.7)

790.8 (475–1675)

1510 (811–3281)

0.13

0.027

0.011

MDC (CCL2)

848.95 (703.0–1008)

668 (338.5–1013)

352.3 (753.7–1013)

0.14

< 0.0001

0.0036

MIP-1a (CCL3)

14.9 (0.1–29.4)

14.2 (1.1–20.1)

18.6 (3.4–35.3)

0.37

0.51

0.42

MIP-1b (CCL4)

59.6 (32.3–82.8)

62.1 (39.6–86.2)

40.3 (9.5–59.0)

0.11

0.16

0.13

TNF-α

12.6 (9.3–16.7)

30.1 (18.1–68.2)

26.9 (16.7–73.9)

0.71

< 0.0001

< 0.0001

VEGF

99.4 (31.9–208.5)

333.3 (128.0–616.4)

28.6 (0.1–151.2)

< 0.0001

0.083

< 0.0001

  1. Values are the median (interquartile range) pg/mL. p values were established using the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by a Dunn’s multiple comparisons test. FGF fibroblast growth factor, GM-CSF granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor, GRO growth-regulated protein alpha precursor, G-CSF granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, IL interleukin, MCP-1 monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, MDC human macrophage-derived chemokine, TNF-α tumor necrosis factor-alpha, VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor