Table 4 Hazard ratios of progression in osteoarthritis components (osteophytes, joint space narrowing, sclerosis, and erosions) per treatment group in time-varying Cox regression analysis

Exposure

Osteophyte progression events

Person-time [years]

Crude HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)^a

 csDMARD

404

2883.3

Ref (1.00)

Ref (1.00)

 bDMARD

77

400.3

1.56 (0.90–2.47)

1.74 (1.11–2.74)

  TNFi

66

362.7

1.16 (0.90–1.48)

1.25 (0.97–1.62)

  Non-TNFi

11

37.3

1.60 (1.01–2.53)

1.82 (1.15–2.87)

 Combination

226

1424.9

0.96 (0.82–1.13)

1.02 (0.87–1.20)

  TNFi

203

1321.9

0.98 (0.83–1.16)

1.06 (0.90–1.25)

  Non-TNFi

23

103

1.08 (0.73–1.61)

1.16 (0.78–1.71)

 Past-use

23

131.5

0.90 (0.61–1.35)

0.91 (0.61–1.36)

 Never-use

18

337.5

0.40 (0.23–0.68)

0.41 (0.23–0.72)

Exposure

JSN progression events

Person-time [years]

Crude HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)^a

 csDMARD

231

3239.2

Ref (1.00)

Ref (1.00)

 bDMARD

51

458.1

1.80 (0.92–3.49)

1.38 (1.01–1.86)

  TNFi

43

410.4

1.33 (0.97–1.82)

1.32 (0.95–1.83)

  Non-TNFi

8

47.4

1.88 (0.96–3.66)

1.76 (0.89–3.46)

 Combination

136

1636.7

0.98 (0.79–1.20)

1.04 (0.83–1.29)

  TNFi

124

1531

1.02 (0.82–1.27)

1.03 (0.82–1.29)

  Non-TNFi

12

105.8

1.15 (0.67–1.98)

1.12 (0.65–1.94)

 Past-use

16

145.8

1.15 (0.72–1.83)

1.19 (0.74–1.92)

 Never-use

15

343.6

0.71 (0.40–1.27)

0.83 (0.46–1.48)

Exposure

Sclerosis progression events

Person-time [years]

Crude HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)^a

 csDMARD

160

3302.2

Ref (1.00)

Ref (1.00)

 bDMARD

27

484.1

1.66 (0.77–3.57)

1.07 (0.72–1.60)

  TNFi

22

432.3

0.95 (0.61–1.46)

0.97 (0.63–1.52)

  Non-TNFi

5

51.8

1.67 (0.77–3.60)

1.89 (0.87–4.11)

 Combination

84

1673.7

0.90 (0.69–1.17)

0.97 (0.74–1.27)

  TNFi

75

1554.2

0.90 (0.69–1.18)

0.94 (0.71–1.24)

  Non-TNFi

9

119.5

1.28 (0.67–2.45)

1.34 (0.71–2.52)

 Past-use

10

159.5

1.02 (0.53–1.94)

1.04 (0.53–2.01)

 Never-use

9

344.7

0.67 (0.34–1.35)

0.71 (0.35–1.45)

Exposure

Erosion progression

Person-time [years]

Crude HR (95% CI)

Adjusted HR (95% CI)^a

 csDMARD

41

3571.5

Ref (1.00)

Ref (1.00)

 bDMARD

12

542.5

2.77 (0.79–9.70)

1.51 (0.76–3.00)

  TNFi

9

481.1

1.46 (0.71–3.00)

1.32 (0.62–2.80)

  Non-TNFi

NA^b

NA^b

NA^b

NA^b

 Combination

19

1857.3

0.72 (0.42–1.25)

0.78 (0.43–1.40)

  TNFi

17

1717.3

0.76 (0.43–1.34)

0.76 (0.41–1.39)

  Non-TNFi

NA^b

NA^b

NA^b

NA^b

 Past-use

6

182.7

2.35 (1.05–5.26)

2.40 (1.04–5.56)

 Never-use

NA^b

NA^b

NA^b

NA^b