Fig. 3

Surgical specimen of the aortic valve (H&E). A, B Aortic valve tissue from the same 41-year-old male TA patient, diagnosed after aortic valve replacement due to moderate aortic valve stenosis and mild regurgitation. A The markedly lymphocytic infiltration and thickening of aortic valve edge was observed (H&E 42×). B Chronic inflammatory cells infiltrating was present, such as lymphocyte (black arrow), plasmacyte (red arrow), and macrophage (green arrow) (H&E 152×)