Examining the influence of pain neuroscience education followed by a Pilates exercises program in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: a pilot randomized controlled trial

Table 3 Within- and between-group differences in primary and secondary outcome measures based on the general linear mix model analysis

Variables	Group	Baseline Mean (SD)	Eight weeks Mean (SD)	Change relative to baseline (%)	Group Difference, Mean (95% CI)	ES (η_p²)^†	P-value
Pain (0–20)	PNE followed by PEs	10.6 (2.8)	7.3 (2.3)	-31.1	-0.8 (-2.2 to 0.7)	0.04	0.288
Pain (0–20)	PEs	10.7 (3.2)	8.1 (2.9)	-24.3	-0.8 (-2.2 to 0.7)	0.04	0.288
Physical limitation (0–68)	PNE followed by PEs	29 (8.4)	22.7 (7.2)	-21.7	-0.4 (-4 to 3.1)	0.02	0.812
Physical limitation (0–68)	PEs	28.5 (7.5)	23.1 (5.9)	-18.9	-0.4 (-4 to 3.1)	0.02	0.812
Pain catastrophizing (0–52)	PNE followed by PEs	26.1 (7.2)	16.2 (5.6)	-37.9	-3.9 (-7.2 to -0.6)	0.51^¥	0.021
Pain catastrophizing (0–52)	PEs	24.9 (8)	20.1 (6.5)	-19.3	-3.9 (-7.2 to -0.6)	0.51^¥	0.021
Kinesiophobia (17–68)	PNE followed by PEs	43.7 (7.8)	34.3 (7.3)	-21.5	-4.2 (-8.1 to -0.4)	0.39^¥	0.032
Kinesiophobia (17–68)	PEs	42.9 (7.5)	38.5 (6.8)	-10.3	-4.2 (-8.1 to -0.4)	0.39^¥	0.032
Self-efficacy (0–60)	PNE followed by PEs	34.1 (7.5)	47.9 (7.2)	40.5	6.1 (0.7 to 11.5)	0.13	0.028
Self-efficacy (0–60)	PEs	34.4 (11.8)	41.8 (12.0)	21.5	6.1 (0.7 to 11.5)	0.13	0.028
Function (s)	PNE followed by PEs	12.1 (2)	9.2 (1.6)	-24	-0.8 (-1.8 to 0.1)	0.05	0.069
Function (s)	PEs	12.2 (2.1)	10.1 (1.8)	-17.2	-0.8 (-1.8 to 0.1)	0.05	0.069

Abbreviations: †, Effect size (partial eta squared); ¥, Large effect size (0.14), CI Confidence Interval, PEs Pilates exercises, PNE followed by PE Pain neuroscience education followed by Pilates exercises

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