Fig. 4

DC-T cell crosstalk and the TGF-β signalling axis. This picture summarises that the TGF-β signalling axis plays an important regulatory role in DC-T cell crosstalk in RA and that TGF-β has two completely opposite effects on the regulation of inflammatory responses that may depend on the cytokine microenvironment and the stage of T cell differentiation. Black arrows indicate the promotion of proliferation and differentiation of CD4⁺T cell subtypes. Inhibition arrows in red indicate inhibition of proliferation and differentiation of CD4⁺T cell subtypes